The DNB study reveals households and pension funds lead exposure via exchange-traded funds (ETFs), exchange-traded notes (ETNs) and crypto treasuries.

Crypto securities holdings by Dutch companies, institutions and households rose to €1.2 billion (US$1.4 billion) by October 2025, according to figures from the De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB), the Dutch Central Bank.  Only ETFs, ETNs and shares in crypto treasuries were examined Holding crypto securities allows Dutch companies, institutions and households to invest indirectly in cryptocurrencies - without directly purchasing them. For this study specifically, only ETFs, ETNs and share